Animals received humane care as per the Animal Welfare Act as well as the NIH "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

SiHa cells were kindly provided to us by Professor S. RosenbaumMitrani (Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel). SiHa cells were grown in RPMI containing 10% FBS and antibiotics.Primary keratinocytes, early and late HF1 cells were grown in 10 cm plates until ,70% confluence. Cells were fixed in Karnovsky's fixative (3% paraformaldehyde, 2% glutaraldehyde, 5 mM CaCl2 in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer pH 7.4, containing 0.1 M sucrose). Cells were scraped, pelleted and embedded in agar noble (final concentration of 1.7%), and postfixed with 1% OsO4, 0.5% potassium dichromate, and 0.5% potassium hexacyanoferrate in cacodylate buffer. The pellet was stained en bloc with 2% aqueous uranyl acetate, 1224844-38-5 followed by ethanol dehydration, and embedded in Embed (EMS). Sections were cut, stained with 2% uranyl acetate in 50% ethanol and lead citrate, and examined using a CM12 (FEI Eindhoven, Holland) transmission electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. Digital images were obtained with a SIS Biocam CCD camera (FEI).RNA from three independent cultures of primary keratinocytes and HF1 cells (early and late) was isolated using RNeasy kits (Qiagen, Germany). Approximately 10 mg of total RNA were reverse transcribed, amplified and labeled. 8 mg of cRNA were hybridized to Affymetrix Human Genome U133A microarrays, according to the manufacturer's protocol. The signal of each array was scaled to the intensity value of specific constant controls. The 1030612-90-8 expression value of each gene in early and late HF1 cells was normalized to the expression level in the primary keratinocytes bottom 35 mm plates at a concentration of 30,000 cells per plate. Spreading movies initiated 15 min after cell-plating, and images were taken every minute for 2 hours. To quantify cell spreading, polygons, tracing the cell perimeter were manually marked every second time point, and the projected cell area was calculated. The imaging software was written as an application within the UCSF PRIISM environment.Late HF1 cells were plated on fibronectin-coated 24-well plates at a concentration of 40000 cells per well. One day after plating cells were transfected with pCB6-Rac1L61-GFP or with E-GFP as control. Transfection was performed with SAINT-MIX (Synvolux Therapeutics B.V.) according to the manufacturer instructions. One day after transfection cells were trypsinized and 20000 cells were re-plated to enable examination of cell motility in sparse cultures. Live cell imaging of cultures was performed as described above.HF1 cells and primary keratinocytes were plated on fibronectincoated coverslips in 24-well plates at a concentration of 36104 cells per well and 56104 cells per well respectively. 48 h after plating, cells were fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde containing 0.5% TritonX100 for 30 sec followed by incubation with 3% paraformaldehyde for 30 min. Cells were stained with phalloidinFITC from Sigma-Aldrich (Israel) for actin, or immunolabelled with anti-beta-catenin, anti-plakoglobin or anti-paxillin from BDTransduction (USA). Images were acquired with a DeltaVision system (Applied Precision Inc., Issaquah, WA, USA) equipped with an inverted microscope IX70 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).Traumatic injury is the leading cause of death for people in the first 4 decades of life in the United States [1] and other highincome countries [2] and the second leading cause of deat